Counseling

In-text Citations

Paraphrasing

• Parenthetical Citations:

  The citation appears in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
  • One study found that ethnicities of protagonists in children's fiction correlated with differences in types of emotions displayed by those characters (Grady et al., 2019).

• Narrative Citations:

  The author's name is part of the sentence, with the year following immediately after, and the page number at the end for direct quotes.
  • Instead, Grady et al. (2019) suggest that "when children are read storybooks that represent characters from ethnic or racial groups other than their own, [they] may receive a wider array of emotion learning opportunities than when they are read storybooks with characters that represent only their own race or ethnicity" (p. 215).

Direct Quote

• Less than 40 words:
  • "Americans are always taking nutrients to fulfill their diets but "food should provide all the nutrients people need to be healthy" (Courtenay, 2000, p. 171).
• More than 40 words:
  • Premises of the guidelines for Americans are that food should provide all of the nutrients that an individual needs to be healthy. Although dietary supplements and fortified foods may be useful sources for one or two nutrients, they cannot replace a healthy diet. The 2005 guidelines place greater emphasis on decrease calorie consumption. (Courtenay, 2000, p. 171)

An Annotated Bibliography is a list of citations where each entry is followed by a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph. Purdue OWL Annotated Bibliography website gives you in-depth examples of annotated bibliographies, and explain how to prepare one. 

Example (APA format):

McVenna, M. J., Smith, J. & Gant, P.  (2019). Standards of care: A collective meaning for nursing.  Nursing Times. 143(23), 40–42.   http://doi.org /10.1188/106256204478

The article examines the meaning of the word ‘care’ within a nursing context. The responsibility of nurses to provide care is well-documented in numerous medical reports, and the authors go on to identify key concepts related to nursing care. In particular, these concepts include assisting, helping and giving a service; offering this service to people who need help with daily living activities and to others who are affected by ill health of some kind. Moreover, the nurse’s caring role is validated by the needs and expectations of their patients. Finally, the article concludes by relating how these concepts are put into operation by using the steps of the nursing process: assessing, planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating the patient’s need for nursing care. The main limitation of the article is that all of the research was exclusively conducted in large city hospitals. Therefore, while the article is useful for an analysis of nursing care, the limitations of its research base will require some adaption to be an inclusive commentary on services in both city and country area hospitals.